Do Praying Mantises Eat Monarch Butterflies?

It seemed like such a feel good moment, crossing the gas pipeline right of way out at Mountain Lakes. There's a lovely walk up from Mountain Lakes House towards Witherspoon Woods that crosses the treeless strip known as the gas pipeline right of way. 

The opening was enlivened by thistles in full bloom, probably native field thistles, if the whitish underside of the leaves is indicative. And adorning the thistles were multiple monarch butterflies, fluttering as they drank from the flowers. 

It had been years since I'd encountered a native thistle, and I hadn't seen a monarch in several weeks, so to see both together in numbers lifted the spirit. But the idyllic scene developed some disturbing undertones upon taking a closer look. 

There, down the stalk of the flower a little ways, something brown. Do you see it? A big praying mantis, of which there were several. I've long wondered if they could be one reason the monarchs are declining in numbers. 

The answer came quickly. A pair of monarch wings weren't moving, and there, sticking its head out, next to the lifeless remains was one of the praying mantises. 

Here's a clearer angle. 

The Intermixing of Good and Bad

My interest in plants began with organic gardening. When growing food is the objective, praise goes to rich soil and natural predators that eat insect pests. Once my interest turned to native diversity, however, my view of what was good began to change. I noticed that poor soil often harbored richly diverse native plant communities. Too many nutrients could be detrimental. And those natural predators that were keeping pests at bay? Well, the praying mantises we most commonly see are not natural, but were instead imported from China. 

Note: A National Geographic article explores how the praying mantis avoids being poisoned by the toxins in monarch butterflies.

All around the thistles was another invasive, Chinese bushclover, also known as sericea lespedeza or Lespedeza cuneata. I know it well from my years in North Carolina, where it was planted by the Dept. of Transportation as a supposedly good thing, to reduce soil erosion on newly carved road embankments. Proponents claimed its seeds would be a boon for wildlife. It has since become a major invasive pest in grasslands, replacing diverse native species with an inedible monoculture. And the seeds? Reportedly they are too small and pass through the guts of wildlife unutilized.

Its white flowers distinguish it from natives like slender bush clover (Lespedeza virginica), which has pink flowers and is rarely encountered. 

Chinese bushclover is a relatively new invasive in Princeton, but I've seen elsewhere what it can do, and it's only a matter of time before it forms monocultures to rival mugwort. There might have been a time when I would have praised it for its tough roots that hold the soil in place. Being a legume, it has the capacity to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, enriching the soil. But no herbivore has come forward to limit its rampancy. From a plant diversity perspective, it is a disaster. 

The knowledge that all is not well in the world does not negate the delight in beautiful thistle blossoms and a clustering of monarchs. It just heightens the sense of positive and negative intertwined all around us.

Stephen Hiltner Named Travel Journalist of the Year

First, I'd like to thank the Society of American Travel Writers for recognizing the achievements of someone whose name bears a striking resemblance to my own. It is with great humility that I accept, on behalf of all the Stephen Hiltners of the world, the giving of this award. Stephen Hiltners, from Ann Arbor to New York, with one stop in New Jersey, can take great and largely vicarious pride in this acknowledgment of worth. 

Last Chance to Pull Stiltgrass

Late August and early September mark the last opportunity to pull Japanese stiltgrass before it goes to seed. An annual grass that was introduced from Asia, and which wildlife show no interest in eating, stiltgrass has taken over large swaths of the forest understory in Princeton, as well as many yards.  We called it bamboo grass when we first noticed it in the 1990s, back when I was living in the piedmont of North Carolina. It was also called packing grass, because it had in the past been used to pack porcelain coming from Asia. That's probably how it got a foothold in the U.S. 

The stiltgrass name fits when it extends it seedheads this time of year, appearing to climb up and over other vegetation, as if on stilts. Height tends to be around 2-4 feet, though it can even spread into lawns and somehow survive and reproduce as a miniature version a few inches high.

In late summer in the forest, it looks like this, ready to flower, bear abundant seed, then die. This is actually one of the smaller patches. In some invaded areas, stiltgrass extends through the forest as far as the eye can see.

In late summer, stiltgrass can form monocultures along wooded roadsides, thriving on the extra runoff from the pavement. 

Many people assume that since stiltgrass is so widespread, nothing can be done other than to wait a few hundred or thousand years for something to evolve to prey upon it and bring its numbers into balance with all the other kinds of plants currently drowning beneath this inedible green wave of supergrowth.

But there are many areas of Princeton where stiltgrass is just beginning to invade. Many yards still don't have it, or have small enough amounts to pull. Being an annual with weak roots, it is very easy to pull, and satisfying progress can be made if you have a small patch or many hands.

My strategy is to pick my spots, preferably pull it by late August, before it begins to flower, and just leave it on the ground to dry out. But even in September it can be pulled before the seeds begin to fall off. If it is already blooming and forming seeds, then either bag the pullings for the trash or, if you don't want to add to the landfill, pile it in one spot where any seedlings next year will be concentrated and easily dealt with.

We have made considerable progress in diminishing its presence at the Botanical Art Garden in Herrontown Woods, simply through persistent pulling to markedly reduce the production of seed. 

A friend at the NC Botanical Garden has found that large patches of stiltgrass can be treated effectively, before seed production, with a very dilute (0.5 %) solution of herbicide. Annual plants don't invest much in roots, and stiltgrass's weak root structure makes it more susceptible to systemic herbicide than perennial plants that may be interspersed. 

Here's what it looks like when it's going to seed. Stiltgrass seedheads look a bit like crabgrass, which is also an introduced annual that gets a late start in the spring and then seeds in late summer. What makes stiltgrass an aggressive invader of woodlands is its capacity to thrive both in sun and shade. 

On a recent walk along the Princeton ridge in Herrontown Woods, I found stiltgrass fairly early in its invasion, just beginning to form sizable patches.  Interspersed was a native grass with similar appearance--Virginia cutgrass--and it's interesting to note that the native grass, while common, does not form the large, exclusionary patches that the introduced species does. 

It's a challenge to tell the two apart. Most homeowner's yards won't have the native Virginia cutgrass, but it's interesting to compare. Here is Japanese stiltgrass, which also goes by the latin name Microstegium vimineum.

Here is Virginia cutgrass (Leersia virginica), with its longer, narrower leaves and more spread-out seedhead. 

Stiltgrass leaves often have a stripe down the middle.

Virginia cutgrass does not.

Once you start taking a closer look at the grasses along the ridge, you may notice the subtle differences between one species and another. Here's a native grass that I haven't learned the name of as yet. You can see that it has dense clusters of short leaves, in contrast to the others.

A look-alike homeowners are more likely to see is a nonnative smartweed called "lady's thumb," which has a cluster of pink flowers at the end. This photo shows lady's thumb at the bottom and stiltgrass growing up and to the left. Both are easy to pull.

Previous post on this subject: Stiltgrass's Annual Trillion Seed Initiative.

August Nature Vignettes

Herein lie a series of mid-summer encounters with nature in Princeton. 

At the Barden in Herrontown Woods, where artistic photos of native plants ring the gazebo, a tiger swallowtail butterfly was caught imitating art imitating nature. Each of the 30 some wire cages harbors a different native wildflower. This one is clustered mountain mint, which is a magnet for pollinators.

Up near Veblen House, sawfly larvae chowing down on a young hazelnut's leaves adopted an S-shaped balletic pose when disturbed. Imagine everyone in a cafeteria standing up and adopting the same yoga position as you entered. With 9 pairs of prolegs, the sawfly larvae are not true caterpillars, which are defined as having only 6 pairs.

The sawflies' choreographed response is similar to that of a real caterpillar called a contracted Datana seen three years ago on lowbush blueberries also growing at Herrontown Woods. 

If you see the top of a lovely young eastern white pine suddenly turn brown, chances are that white pine weevils have paid a visit. The adults overwinter in the leaf litter, then emerge in spring. The females lay eggs in the central stem of the white pine, the larvae then eat the inner bark of the pine, cutting off the flow of nutrients to the terminal stem. 

In late July and early August, the adults emerge via small holes in the bark. The weevils are native, and the pine survives by using one of its lateral shoots to continue upward growth. Evidence of past attacks by weevils can be seen in a pine tree's crooked stem. 

Why is this gangly weed being left to grow in an otherwise groomed suburban lawn? It's a chicory that has worked its way into the heart of the homeowner by fielding an array of attractive flowers through most of the summer. The blooms of the homeowner's frontyard roses and Rose of Sharon shrubs come and go, but the chicory keeps delivering.

The flowers have a delightful shade of blue that lifts the spirit. There's a fun post about a chicory that grew gloriously out of what looked like pure concrete six years ago at a busy intersection, drawing photographers, including me. 

Liking the plant, I'd like to think it "plays well with others", that is, does not become invasive and exclusionary of other plants in the manner of mugwort or Chinese bushclover. But while traveling recently in southern Wisconsin, I did see it thickly established along a lengthy stretch of country road. But a road embankment is an altered soil that often becomes colonized by nonnatives that aren't necessarily invasive in a prairie.

I was impressed to see that this gardener on Valley Road had vanquished the Canada thistle that had pushed up through the mulch earlier in the spring. (See Weeds That Launch an Underground Insurgency.) A garden tells little of the past battles waged to create this gentle scene of coneflowers and black-eyed susans. 

A meadow needs to be weeded like any garden. Sometimes, the process of weeding, by getting us out there, leads to discoveries and a deeper appreciation of the area being weeded. Scott Sillars and I were weeding the meadow next to Veblen House recently, pulling every Chinese bushclover we could find before they could bloom and go to seed, when I discovered a plant not previously known to bloom there. 

Rose Pink (Sabatia angularis) is a biennial in the gentian family. I had been content to call it Meadow Beauty until I took a closer look and realized it has five petals instead of four. 

Another small treasure, found while cutting invasive wisteria vines in a thicket of privet shrubs near Veblen House, was an antler. It's said that shed antlers are rarely encountered because their minerals make for good gnawing by mice and other animals. This one, however, was in good shape long after being shed over the winter. 

When rains are plentiful, sensitive fern can form robust, expansionist stands that make the name seem a misnomer. But the plant lived up, or down, to its name when this summer's drought turned lush green leaves dry and brittle. 

Jewelweed is another example of a native plant that can be robust in wet weather, then get laid low by drought. A couple years ago, there were so scarce in the Barden at Herrontown Woods that we thought of helping them to spread. But the few specimens cast their spring-loaded seeds far and wide, leading to current abundance.

A lot of native wildflowers have "weed" in their common name, despite their positive attributes. Jewelweed is a good example, with its tubular orange flower that attracts hummingbirds, yet its capacity to become prolific can turn it into a weed in our perceptions.

Pokeweed is another native that can overgrow its welcome, looking sometimes elegant, sometimes gangly. More about pokeweed elsewhere on this blog, including its close relative in Argentina that looks like a tree but isn't. 

 

If you like pokeweed but find it gets way too big, you can cut it down in midsummmer, then watch it regrow in a smaller version of itself that might fit the allotted space better. This works with other tall native perennials as well.

Those who leave Princeton in August are missing out on bur season. If you find your leg covered with burs, it could be that you just walked by some stickweed. 

Here's a better photo. It's one of the plants written more about in a post called Deceptive Weeds. 

White avens is another weed that produces burs. 

If you get tired of watching paint dry, you can always drive down Route 206 towards Montgomery and watch Phragmitis reed slowly eat the road. 

You could also watch the condensate drain away from air conditioning units. Water can be pretty exciting to a gardener in the middle of a drought. Air conditioners pull moisture out of the inside air and release it outdoors. The trick is to take advantage of this water and direct it towards plants that desperately need it during hot, dry days when air conditioners are running the most.

One advantage of composting your food scraps in your yard is the surprise plants that sometimes appear among the moldering banana peels and crushed egg shells. This is a volunteer avocado growing in a Wishing the Earth Well composter.  

A friend of mine potted up one of his compost pile avocados and it's now almost too big to get out the door after a winter spent indoors.

There are a lot of native plants that show their beauty in midsummer when many people are out of town. One favorite of mine is woolgrass, which really should be called brown wool sedge, because it's a sedge, not a grass. You can call it Scirpus cyperinus if you want to sound impressive. Most sedges mature in the cool months of spring, but woodgrass develops more slowly, sending up a tall inflorescence that is attractive at all stages on its way to looking wooly.

It's been a great year for wild senna, a legume that folds up its leaves at night.

When many of the midsummer native wildflowers are looking spent, autumn Helenium unveils an array of attractive yellow flowers.

More Bear Sightings in Princeton

Princeton has no resident black bears, but they do occasionally wander through in the summer. There were some sightings beginning Aug. 11 near the old Butler tract, then August 13 in the Herrontown Woods area of northeastern Princeton, then other sightings through August 18 down along the Stony Brook.

The wisdom of a comic description I've posted in the past detailing how Princetonians should behave when encountering a black bear is confirmed in a recent article by the Town Topics. 

Black bears, particularly young males, are motivated to seek out new territory in the summer. One online source describes how young bears stay with their mothers for about 18 months, then are shooed away when the mother receives the persistent interest of an adult male, commencing another cycle of reproduction. 

Each bear must establish a home range. Female bears often share their ranges with their female offspring, but the young males must find new territory. That search sometimes includes Princeton. To get a sense of what the young male bears are looking for, Princeton is roughly 18 square miles, which is on the small side for a male bear's home range. Though we have a lot of open space, the habitat isn't enough to sustain a bear. Thus the brief visits in summer.

There is considerable solitude in the 20 plus years of a bear's life. The females have the recurring company of their offspring for 18 months at a stretch, but adult males spend their time alone except for a periodic few days' courtship with a female.

The Evolution of the Front Lawn in Ann Arbor, MI

Back when I was writing and performing climate theater, it was a very useful exercise to view things like the earth or the economy as characters. Upon reflecting on what sort of character a front lawn might be, I realized that the expanse of mowed grass is much like a trophy wife for the House. Expected to be well manicured, passive and forever young, the front lawn serves no other purpose than to present a flattering view of the House to the public. In return for its submissiveness, the front lawn is allowed, and in fact expected, to remain perpetually idle. Any shift away from bland formality, such as a wildflower meadow or, heaven forbid, a vegetable garden, would be unbecoming and steal attention away from the House. It seemed to me the front lawn could benefit from a good turf therapist who could help her sort through how she ended up in such a one-way relationship, and from that developed a monologue called Turf Therapy. 

It's easy to knock suburban culture's striving for a sterile deep green conformity, and the chemical dependency and noxious lawn equipment that keeps it propped up. But most homeowners find themselves completely unprepared to own land, and the myriad kinds of plants that grow upon it. No surprise, then, that people try to turn the outdoors into as simple a landscape as possible, essentially an extension of the indoors. A lawn is the equivalent of a wall-to-wall carpet. 

In our era, the expansion of the suburban lawn has coincided with a shrinkage in knowledge of plants. Each generation sprouts more distant from ancestors who farmed or foraged. And how many schools teach children to identify even the most common trees? 

It's a brave homeowner, then, who dares take a shovel to the front lawn, bucking conformity to plant something more colorful, beneficial, and interesting. Usually, the change is wrought incrementally, expanding flowerbeds a little at a time. 

While most plantings tend to hug the edges and stick close to the house, in this yard a Salvia is boldly asserting itself right out in the middle of the yard.

Just down this street, which happens to be called Easy Street, someone dug a raingarden that catches water piped to it from the roof. They used the dirt dug out of the hole to build a berm on the downhill side, expanding the hole's capacity. The wildflowers feed the pollinators while the signs feed passersby with ideas, like Public Power, in which a town takes ownership of its electricity and moves rapidly towards 100% renewable energy.

A neighbor further down has converted even more of the yard to raingarden, and added a sign from the local watershed association: "Rain Garden: Improving wildlife habitat and water quality in the Huron River one garden at a time." This is a nice sentiment that all too often remains on the fringe, but in this neighborhood it has caught on.

Next door is a vegetable garden in the front yard. It's starting to look like the trophy wife has decided to pursue a life of her own. Any House with an ego is going to be really upset.

This homeowner, a friend of mine named Jeannine, has nurtured a burr oak savanna habitat in her front yard, with an understory of trilliums, plus black cohosh in its full mid-summer bloom. The House? Well, it's back there somewhere, having to accept that yards like to express themselves and have meaningful lives, too. 

Interestingly, some of her bur oaks are getting tall enough to start interfering with the solar panels on their garage. She has started managing her front yard forest, removing larger trees while keeping smaller ones not tall enough to shade the panels. It's a way of having your trees and panels, too. Each tree removed leaves a legacy of roots--a network of carbon consumed from the air and injected into the ground.

Even in more upscale neighborhoods, where homeowners can afford to hire landscapers, many yards are cared for by crews that carefully weed the wildflower meadows, displacing the noisy custodial crews that "mow, blow, and go." What a pleasure to bicycle through a lovely neighborhood with colorful, botanically interesting yards and a delicious quiet. Machines to suppress vegetation are replaced by skilled intervention to steer vegetation. All week in Ann Arbor, the neighborhoods were remarkably quiet. I looked online for information about bans on leaf blowers, and could only find a ban on 2-cycle lawn equipment in the city's downtown, passed in 2019.

The shift from lawn to meadow in many yards was surely inspired in part by the work of Jeannine Palms, who with her preschool kids, neighbors and town staff have carved native wet meadows into what had been a vast expanse of turfgrass in nearby Buhr Park. 

Their meadows have many of the same wildflowers we have in Princeton, with some differences. The photo shows gray-headed coneflower, which is close in appearance to our cutleaf coneflower. And they have additional kinds of Silphium (rosinweed, prairie dock, compass plant), and a grass called smooth cordgrass. 

More recently, Jeannine has led a volunteer effort to shift even more of the park away from turfgrass, in this case to create a food forest packed with grapes, apples, pears, elderberry, pawpaw, currants, raspberries, strawberries, fennel, and a "three sisters" planting of corn, beans and squash. 

Here's an effort to grow sweet potatoes, not only for the tubers but also for the leaves, which are delicious. Fabric is spread on the ground to suppress weeds, and fencing suspended above to deter the deer. 

The story of this heroic transformation is told in a sign posted next to the first wet meadows. In the process, they have brought diverse, edible life back to the land and the neighborhood.